One post tagged with "PostgreSQL"

IvorySQL v4 is based on PostgreSQL 17 and introduces the capability of synchronizing logical replication slots to hot standby databases. This improvement effectively addresses the issue of logical replication interruption after switching from the primary database to the backup database in older versions. For databases that prioritize high data availability and business continuity, this is undoubtedly a significant advantage. It not only enhances the overall stability of the system but also ensures that the data replication process can continue seamlessly in the event of a failure, thereby minimizing the likelihood of business interruption.

Replication Slot Synchronization Mechanism​

Prerequisites​

1. Physical Replication Slot: There must be a physical replication slot between the primary database and the backup database, serving as the foundation for synchronizing logical replication slots and ensuring effective data transfer between them.

2. Configuration Parameters:

   • Configure the primary_slot_name parameter on the backup database and specify the replication slot when using the pg_basebackup tool. This configuration step ensures that the backup database can correctly receive data from the primary database.
   • Enable the hot_standby_feedback feature on the backup database to ensure it can receive and send back WAL logs. This feature guarantees the activity of the backup database during data reception and maintains the integrity of its feedback mechanism.
   • Specify a valid database name (dbname) in the primary_conninfo parameter. This configuration ensures that the target database for the replication process is clear and correct.

3. Recommended Configuration: Configure the standby_slot_names parameter on the primary database to maintain consistency in replication slot synchronization. This configuration helps maintain a consistent state of replication slots between the primary and backup databases, thereby enhancing the reliability of the replication process.

Implementation Method​

1. Creating Logical Replication Slots: When calling the pg_create_logical_replication_slot function, set failover=true to specify the synchronization of the replication slot to the backup database. This setting is crucial as it determines the behavior of the replication slot during primary and standby switches.

2. Subscription Configuration: When using the CREATE SUBSCRIPTION statement, specify failover=true to ensure the replication slot is synchronized to the backup database. This provides database administrators with flexible configuration options, allowing them to tailor replication strategies based on actual business needs and environmental characteristics.

3. Manual Synchronization: Execute the pg_sync_replication_slots function on the backup database to manually synchronize the replication slots. This method offers an immediate synchronization mechanism, particularly suitable for scenarios requiring rapid reflection of changes from the primary database.

4. Automatic Synchronization: Set the sync_replication_slots = on parameter on the backup database to achieve regular automatic synchronization without the need to restart the database. This automation simplifies database maintenance, allowing administrators to focus more on other critical tasks.

The following diagram illustrates the process of configuring and creating synchronized logical replication slots, detailing the steps to configure the basic parameters for synchronized logical replication slots and how to create one.

Functions and Parameters​

1. pg_create_logical_replication_slot

   • A new failover parameter has been added, with a default value of false. If set to true, it indicates that the replication slot needs to be synchronized to the backup database.
   • Example syntax:

     SELECT pg_create_logical_replication_slot('test_slot', 'test_decoding', false, false, true)
     

     Copy
   • This function provides database administrators with finer control, making the management of logical replication slots more flexible and efficient.

2. pg_sync_replication_slots

   • This function is used to manually synchronize replication slots to the backup database.
   • Example syntax:

     SELECT pg_sync_replication_slots()
     

     Copy
   • Using this function allows for the instant synchronization of changes from the primary database to the backup database, ensuring data consistency and integrity.

3. sync_replication_slots

   • Setting this parameter to on on the backup database enables regular automatic synchronization of replication slot changes without restarting the database.
   • This automation significantly reduces the burden on database administrators, making the maintenance of replication slots easier and more efficient.

As shown in the figure above, the status of the replication slots for the primary and backup databases is displayed. The primary database has created the logical replication slot test_slots2 with the attribute failover set to true, enabling the failover functionality of this slot. Whether manually or automatically, the status and information of the logical replication slot test_slots2 can be synchronized to the backup database. When a switch occurs or a failover happens, and the backup is promoted to the new primary, the information of the logical replication slot test_slots2 will be retained, ensuring that the subscription side does not lose any data during the transition.

Operational Steps and Verification​

Manual Synchronization of Replication Slots​

Set up the primary and backup database environments, ensuring correct configurations for both physical replication slots and streaming replication users. This process requires careful planning and execution to ensure the stability and reliability of the replication environment.

1. Create the Replication Slot:

   • Execute:

     SELECT pg_create_logical_replication_slot('test_slot2', 'test_decoding', false, false, true)
     

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   • This operation is the starting point for synchronizing the logical replication slot, laying the foundation for subsequent data replication.

2. Manually Synchronize the Replication Slot on the Backup Database:

   • Execute:

     SELECT pg_sync_replication_slots()
     

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   • This operation ensures that changes to the replication slot are promptly reflected on the backup database, guaranteeing data synchronization and consistency.

3. Verify Replication Slot Synchronization:

   • Execute a query on the backup database to ensure the replication slot has been synchronized.
   • Execute:

     SELECT * FROM pg_replication_slots
     

     Copy
   • This verification step is crucial for confirming the successful synchronization of the replication slots, ensuring the correctness and completeness of the replication process.

Automatic Synchronization of Replication Slots​

1. Set sync_replication_slots = on on the Backup Database:

   • Execute:

     ALTER SYSTEM SET sync_replication_slots = on
     

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   • Then execute:

     SELECT pg_reload_conf()
     

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   • This automation simplifies the synchronization tasks for replication slots, allowing administrators to complete synchronization without manual intervention.

2. Verify Automatic Synchronization:

   • Insert data into the primary database and observe changes in the backup database's replication slots to ensure that changes in the primary database are automatically synchronized to the backup database. This verification step is critical for confirming the proper functioning of the automatic synchronization feature, ensuring the automation and reliability of the replication process.

Simulating the Switch Between the Primary and Backup Databases​

1. Perform the Primary Database Promotion on the Backup Database:

   • Simulate a primary database failure by shutting down the primary database.
   • Execute on the backup database:

     pg_ctl -D data promote
     

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   • This operation simulates an emergency switch in the event of a primary database failure, serving as an important step in testing the functionality of replication slot synchronization in real failure scenarios.

2. Continue Logical Replication on the New Primary Database:

   • Bind the VIP to the new primary database to ensure logical replication can continue. This operation ensures that logical replication can proceed seamlessly after the switch of the primary database, maintaining business continuity and data consistency.

The above diagram shows the new primary after the switch, retaining the existing logical replication slot my_subscription and publication information my_publication. After configuring other necessary parameters, the logical replication slot synchronization capability of the new backup is restored.

The subscriber routes to the new primary database using the VIP, continuing to utilize the synchronized logical replication slot to ensure normal data replication.

Conclusion​

The logical replication slot synchronization feature enhances the reliability of IvorySQL in high-availability environments, resolving the issue of logical replication slot loss after switching between the primary and backup databases. This feature ensures that information regarding logical replication slots is not lost during primary and standby switches, guaranteeing the continuity and consistency of the data replication process.

The synchronization process must meet the following conditions:

• Replication slots with failover=true set;
• Configuration of physical replication slots between the primary and backup databases;
• Enabling hot_standby_feedback on the backup database;
• Correct configuration of the database name in the primary_conninfo parameter on the backup database;
• Recommended configuration of the standby_slot_names parameter to ensure consistency;
• The backup database can manually or automatically synchronize replication slots through pg_sync_replication_slots or the sync_replication_slots parameter, ensuring seamless logical replication switching.

This series of measures and features collectively constitutes the power and flexibility of the logical replication slot synchronization functionality in IvorySQL, providing database administrators with robust tools to address various complex and challenging data replication scenarios.

Preface​

With the diversification of database application scenarios, users have raised higher demands for data management flexibility and privacy. IvorySQL, an open-source database based on PostgreSQL and compatible with Oracle, has always been committed to staying ahead and innovating in terms of functionality. In the recently released version 4.0, IvorySQL introduced a new Oracle-compatible feature, Invisible Column, contributed by community member Imran Zaheer, demonstrating the power of open-source collaboration.

The introduction of Invisible Column provides developers with a new option to dynamically adjust the database structure without affecting existing applications. This further enhances IvorySQL's ability in data flexibility management, offering users greater convenience in areas such as database upgrades and compatibility optimization.

This article will provide a detailed introduction to the functionality, use cases, and usage of this feature.

What is Invisible Column?​

In modern database development, column visibility management plays a significant role in affecting the flexibility and migration efficiency of applications. Oracle 12c introduced a powerful feature: Invisible Column. This feature allows columns to be hidden, enhancing data security and implementing business logic. It provides developers with flexibility and control, especially in scenarios such as application migration or version upgrades.

In Oracle, an Invisible Column refers to columns that are invisible to most SQL queries and tools. By setting a column as an invisible column:

• It will not appear in the results of a regular SELECT * FROM query.
• It will not be displayed in description operations in SQL*Plus or OCI.
• It will not be included in record definitions based on the %ROWTYPE attribute.

However, invisible columns still exist in the table and can be accessed or referenced by explicitly specifying the column name. Additionally, there are restrictions when using invisible columns, as they cannot be used in external tables, cluster tables, or temporary tables.

Applications of Invisible Column​

1. Application Migration​

Invisible columns are very useful in application migration processes. When adding new columns to an existing table, invisible columns can prevent the new columns from affecting the functionality of old applications. The old applications will not be aware of the new columns, while the new applications can explicitly reference them. This makes the online migration of applications smoother and simpler.

2. Sensitive Data Protection​

Certain sensitive data can be stored in invisible columns to prevent it from being accessed by most default query tools, thereby reducing the risk of accidental exposure.

3. Data Model Optimization​

During data model adjustments or debugging, some columns can be temporarily set as invisible to ensure they do not impact regular queries, thus avoiding confusion in query results.

Using Invisible Columns in IvorySQL​

Invisible Column is a newly added compatibility feature in IvorySQL 4.0. Please make sure your version is 4.0 before using it.

1. Creating Invisible Columns​

You can define a column as an invisible column directly when creating the table:

CREATE TABLE employees (
emp_id NUMBER,
emp_name VARCHAR2(50),
emp_salary NUMBER INVISIBLE
);

In this example, emp_salary is an invisible column, which is not visible in the default query:

SELECT * FROM employees;
emp_id | emp_name
--------+----------
(0 rows)

2. Inserting Data into Invisible Columns​

When inserting data into the table, you can explicitly specify the column name to insert data into an invisible column:

INSERT INTO employees(emp_id, emp_name, emp_salary) VALUES(1, 'Jack', 20000);
INSERT 0 1
INSERT INTO employees(emp_id, emp_name, emp_salary) VALUES(2, 'Lucy', 30000);
INSERT 0 1;

Inserts without specifying column names cannot include invisible columns:

INSERT INTO employees VALUES(3, 'Peter');
INSERT 0 1

3. Displaying/Modifying Existing Columns as Invisible​

You can use the VISIBLE keyword to change an invisible column back to a regular column:

ALTER TABLE employees MODIFY emp_salary VISIBLE;
ALTER TABLE

To set an existing column as an invisible column, you can use INVISIBLE:

ALTER TABLE employees MODIFY emp_salary INVISIBLE;
ALTER TABLE

Note that not all columns can be set as invisible.

4. psql \d Meta-Command​

When using the \d meta-command in psql, the invisible column information will not be displayed:

\d employees
                  Table "public.employees"
   Column   |     Type     | Collation | Nullable | Default 
------------+--------------+-----------+----------+---------
 emp_id     | number       |           |          | 
 emp_name   | varchar2(50) |           |          | 
 emp_salary | number       |           |          | 

To view more detailed table information, including the invisible columns, you can use the \d+ meta-command:

\d+ employees
                                                   Table "public.employees"
   Column   |     Type     | Collation | Nullable | Default | Invisible | Storage  | Compression | Stats target | Description 
------------+--------------+-----------+----------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------+--------------+-------------
 emp_id     | number       |           |          |         |           | main     |             |              | 
 emp_name   | varchar2(50) |           |          |         |           | extended |             |              | 
 emp_salary | number       |           |          |         | invisible | main     |             |              | 
Access method: heap

5. Accessing Invisible Columns​

When using a SELECT * query to retrieve table data, invisible column data will not be displayed:

SELECT * FROM employees;
 emp_id | emp_name 
--------+----------
 1      | Jack
 2      | Lucy
 3      | Peter
(3 rows)

Although invisible columns are not visible in the default query, developers can still access them by explicitly specifying the column names:

SELECT emp_name, emp_salary FROM employees;
 emp_name | emp_salary 
----------+------------
 Jack     | 20000
 Lucy     | 30000
 Peter    | 
(3 rows)

Conclusion​

The invisible column feature is a cleverly designed functionality that provides greater flexibility and security for database development and management. By effectively utilizing invisible columns, developers can easily handle complex application migration scenarios while maintaining system stability and scalability.

If you have a project that uses IvorySQL database, consider integrating this feature into your solution to enhance overall efficiency and reliability.

Recently, IvorySQL 4.0 was released, and this version introduces a new feature that adds compatibility with Oracle packages.

To help users better understand and utilize IvorySQL 4.0, this article provides a concise overview of the design philosophy behind this feature.

What is an Oracle Package?​

A package is a schema object that contains logically related PL/SQL types, variables, constants, subprograms, cursors, and exceptions. Packages are compiled and stored in the database, and multiple applications can share the contents of a package.

Every package has a package specification that declares public objects accessible outside the package.

If the public objects include cursors or subprograms, the package must also have a package body. The package body must define the code for the public cursors and subprograms. The body can also declare and define private objects, which cannot be referenced outside the package but can be used within the package. Lastly, the package body can include an initialization section, used for initializing variables, performing one-time setup steps, and handling exceptions. Modifying the package body does not require changes to the package specification or to database objects that reference the public objects of the package, so the package body can be considered a black box.

Implementation of Packages in IvorySQL​

In terms of content, the package body is similar to a nested subprogram, and the package specification merely defines the external interface of the package body. Therefore, from an implementation perspective, the process of implementing a package can be similar to that of nested subprograms.

The main tasks we handle include the following: creating, updating, instantiating, deleting packages, and referencing package objects in external processes.

• Creating a package: Modify the psql syntax so that psql can send the entire package creation statement to the server. The server will then add the package creation syntax. The syntax structure is similar to that of ordinary functions, so it is processed similarly, without requiring expansion at the SQL side. After syntax parsing, it follows the DDL process and calls the package creation function to store the package contents in the system tables.
• Updating a package: Support update syntax on the SQL side. After syntax parsing, the package update function is called to update the system table contents. The plisql_package_Handler is invoked to parse the syntax and invalidate the package specification or body tuples, preventing package and body compilation at runtime.
• Deleting a package: Support the delete syntax on the SQL side. After syntax parsing, the package delete function is called to delete the package content from the system tables.
• Instantiating a package: The first time the package is referenced, if its contents are not in memory (specifically in a hash table, similar to the portal hash table storage), the instantiation function is called to reinstantiate the package. This process involves calling the PL/iSQL compile function to recompile both the package specification and body, storing the compiled result in the current process's memory. The instantiation of a package should load the entire package and body into memory.
• Referencing package objects: During parsing, an interface is provided to search for variables, types, and subprograms in the package specification. It first looks for the package type within the current schema, then searches the system tables. When looking for subprograms, it prioritizes searching nested functions, packages, and system tables.
• Package invalidation and state: If a package only contains constants and types, it is stateless. Otherwise, it is stateful. The state of the package is set when accessing its variables and functions. When the package is rebuilt, its local instance is invalidated and recompiled. For other processes' instances, if the package is stateful, accessing variables or types will result in a "state lost" error on the first access, after which normal access resumes.

Package Design in IvorySQL​

New System Tables and Caches​

To store the contents of the package body and specification, two new system tables have been added:

The corresponding system caches are as follows:

Package Instantiation​

Package instantiation, similar to function compilation, converts data defined as strings into structured data. A package consists of both a specification and a body, and its compilation requires some special handling. New functions are introduced to compile both the specification and the body and store the results in a hash table.

Additionally, to handle local cache invalidation during package and body deletion, an invalidation function is registered during cache creation, to clear the package's cache state when it is invalidated.

/* register invalid cache */
CacheRegisterSyscacheCallback(PKGBODYOID, InvalidatePackageCacheCallback, (Datum) 0);
CacheRegisterSyscacheCallback(PKGOID, InvalidatePackageCacheCallback, (Datum) 0);

InvalidatePackageCacheCallback traverses the hash table using the hash value to update the corresponding package's cache state.

The package cache state is represented by a char, with three bits currently in use. 0x01 indicates that the package specification has been updated, 0x02 indicates whether the package has a body, and 0x04 indicates that the package body has been updated.

Referencing Objects in a Package​

Interfaces are provided to search for functions, types, and variables within a package during the parsing phase. Below are some of the functions available:

When non-package functions in PL/iSQL use a package's type, they simply reference the type's address. When using variables, a local mapping is required, with special handling during assignments. Typically, this involves switching to the package's memory context and then calling the package's assignment function.

Function Parameters or Return Values Referencing Package Types​

This part requires modifications to the pg_proc system table structure to add fields that record the names of parameter and return value types. Two new columns are added to the system table to solve this issue.

Similar to proargnames, a new protypenames field records the type names of parameter types, and rettypename records the return value type name. These fields are only populated when the corresponding type references a package; otherwise, they remain empty.

Since protypenames is a text array, it is populated when a function's parameter is of a package type. The type name for package items is serialized into a TypeName structure, and other non-package parameter types are represented as empty strings.

Standard Package​

Support for the standard package under the sys schema is available, allowing users to access objects in the package specification without specifying the package name. Users can create their own standard packages.

DISCARD PACKAGE Syntax​

This feature was introduced for compatibility with PostgreSQL's DISCARD functionality. Currently, PostgreSQL supports DISCARD SEQUENCE, DISCARD TEMP, DISCARD PLAN, and other commands to discard session-level objects such as sequences, temporary tables, and plans. The DISCARD ALL command also deletes temporary storage like portals, temporary tables, plans, and sequences.

IvorySQL supports the DISCARD PACKAGE syntax, which, when called within DISCARD ALL, deletes the session's package cache.

Logical Backup and Restore Support for Packages​

The pg_dump tool now supports backing up and restoring data that includes package functionality.

Conclusion​

The design insights shared above outline the implementation of Oracle package compatibility.

By modularizing related functionality through packages, the database organizes procedures, functions, variables, and other programming elements into self-contained units, facilitating management and maintenance. Since implementation details are hidden in the package body, code security and maintainability are improved. Code in the package body is loaded into memory upon first invocation, allowing subsequent calls to access it directly, reducing parsing and loading time.

Recently, IvorySQL 4.0 was released, offering full support for PostgreSQL 17 and enhanced compatibility with Oracle.

This article will detail the process of upgrading from IvorySQL 3.x to IvorySQL 4.0.

Introduction to the pg_upgrade Tool​

Recently, IvorySQL 4.0 was released, offering full support for PostgreSQL 17 and enhanced compatibility with Oracle.

This article will detail the process of upgrading from IvorySQL 3.x to IvorySQL 4.0.

Introduction to the pg_upgrade Tool​

The pg_upgrade tool is a built-in PostgreSQL utility for cross-version upgrades, allowing for in-place upgrades of the database without the need for export and import operations. Since IvorySQL is derived from PostgreSQL, it can also use the pg_upgrade tool for major version upgrades.

pg_upgrade provides a compatibility check before the upgrade (-c or --check option) to identify issues such as plugin and data type incompatibilities. If the --link option is specified, the new version can directly use the original database files without copying, allowing the upgrade to be completed in just a few minutes.

Common parameters include:

• -b bindir, --old-bindir=bindir: Path to the old IvorySQL executable directory
• -B bindir, --new-bindir=bindir: Path to the new IvorySQL executable directory
• -d configdir, --old-datadir=configdir: Path to the old data directory
• -D configdir, --new-datadir=configdir: Path to the new data directory
• -c, --check: Perform only a compatibility check without making any changes to data
• -k, --link: Upgrade using hard links

Next, we will explain how to use pg_upgrade to upgrade IvorySQL to the latest 4.0 version on the CentOS 8 platform.

Upgrade Preparation​

First, stop the old version of the IvorySQL 3.4 database:

Then, install the new version of the IvorySQL 4.0 database:

Initialize the new IvorySQL 4.0 data directory:

Check version compatibility:

Finally, if Clusters are compatible appears, it indicates that there are no compatibility issues between the two versions, and the upgrade can proceed.

Official Upgrade​

When you see Upgrade Complete, it indicates that the upgrade has been successfully completed.

Update Statistics​

pg_upgrade will create new system tables and reuse old data for the upgrade, but the statistics are not migrated during the upgrade process. Therefore, before enabling the new version, you should first re-gather statistics to avoid incorrect query plans due to missing statistics.

First, start the new version of the database:

Manually run the vacuum command:

Post-Upgrade Cleanup​

After confirming there are no issues, delete the old database:

With this, we have completed the entire upgrade process.

If you encounter any issues during the upgrade process, feel free to submit an issue on GitHub, and we will assist you promptly. Additionally, if you have any ideas or expectations for future IvorySQL features, you can also submit an issue to provide feedback.

In general, a database storage system is divided into two parts: memory and external storage. Except for in-memory databases, data is eventually persisted, which means that it needs to be written from the memory buffer to the external storage. This article will discuss the external storage manager in IvorySQL.

Classification of Storage Files​

The storage manager used by IvorySQL is essentially the same as PostgreSQL. Its directory and file structure are shown in the following diagram:

From a storage perspective, file management is divided into three main parts:

• Configuration-related files, such as pg_control, postgresql.conf, pg_hba.conf, PG_VERSION, etc.;
• WAL log files, such as 000000010000000000000001, 000000010000000000000002, etc.;
• Data record files for tables and indexes, and corresponding remaining space and visibility mapping files.

Configuration-related files in PostgreSQL are handled with standard file read/write functions, for example, the pg_control file, which records the database state and operations. The background module reads and writes using ReadControlFile(), WriteControlFile(), and UpdateControlFile(). Front-end tools use get_controlfile() and update_controlfile() for reading and writing. Whether front-end or back-end, these read/write operations ultimately use standard file functions like open(), read(), and write(). These direct operations on configuration files are not within the scope of SMGR management.

WAL log files are read and written similarly to configuration files using standard file functions such as read(), write(), etc. However, file names need to be dynamically calculated based on the LSN.

Table and index data records are stored in the subdirectories of the corresponding database under the base directory. Changes to cluster-level catalog (system table) data records are reflected in the global directory. The management of system tables is similar to user tables, using the OID naming convention.

Process of SQL Statements Accessing Storage Media​

An SQL statement typically accesses data records on disk through the following steps:

• First, the statement goes through 5 stages of query processing: parse, rewrite, analyze, plan, and execute.
• Then, it enters the Table/Index Access Method layer.
• The Access Method layer typically uses the Buffer Manager service to operate on data entries, deciding whether to mark data blocks as "dirty" based on the operation.
• The Buffer Manager layer calls the Storage Manager service, using the buffer tag to invoke smgr_read() or smgr_write() to read or write data to the storage media.

SMGR API Interface​

PostgreSQL originally had many implementations of the SMGR API interfaces, but currently, only the implementation for Magnetic Disk (md.c) remains. In fact, the disk manager can support any type of device as long as the operating system provides a standard file system interface for the device. However, the storage manager (smgr.c) layer is kept as an intermediate layer in case other types of storage managers are introduced. Removing this intermediate layer would not save significant overhead, as operations on storage media are much more expensive than a single C function call. f_smgr is a structure of function pointers that contains the functions required by PostgreSQL for storage. smgr.c defines wrapper functions for all function interfaces, and these wrappers eventually call the actual registered implementation functions, i.e., mdXXXX functions.

static const f_smgr smgrsw[] = {
/* magnetic disk */
{
.smgr_init = mdinit,
.smgr_shutdown = NULL,
.smgr_open = mdopen,
.smgr_close = mdclose,
.smgr_create = mdcreate,
.smgr_exists = mdexists,
.smgr_unlink = mdunlink,
.smgr_extend = mdextend,
.smgr_prefetch = mdprefetch,
.smgr_read = mdread,
.smgr_write = mdwrite,
.smgr_writeback = mdwriteback,
.smgr_nblocks = mdnblocks,
.smgr_truncate = mdtruncate,
.smgr_immedsync = mdimmedsync,
}
};

SMgrRelation is an important structure, and almost all SMGR-related functions require this structure.

Key SMGR Interface Functions​

• Smgrread(): Locates an 8K data block based on 5 parameters: tablespace, database, relation, forknum, and blocknum, and reads it into the specified memory.

  smgrread(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber blocknum, char * buffer)

• Smgrwrite(): Locates an 8K data block based on 5 parameters and then overwrites it with the values from the specified memory. The skipFsync parameter determines whether to ensure data is successfully flushed to disk before returning.

  smgrwrite(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber blocknum, char * buffer, bool skipFsync)

• smgrextend: Extends the current file with a new 8K block and writes the data from the specified memory, similar to smgrwrite.

  smgrextend(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber blocknum, char * buffer, bool skipFsync)

• smgrnblocks: Returns the total number of 8K data blocks for the specified table, which is important for the planner stage of query processing.

  smgrnblocks(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum)

• Shared object existence.

  smgropen(RelFileNode rnode, BackendId backend)

• smgrclose: Responsible for deleting the specified SMgrRelation object from the hash table.

  smgrclose(SMgrRelation reln)

• smgrtruncate: Deletes a specified number of 8K data blocks from the file (data, remaining space, visibility) from the end of the file, potentially removing multiple data blocks from the three fork files to reduce the file size.

  smgrtruncate(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber *forknum, int nforks, BlockNumber *nblocks)

• smgrprefetch: Uses POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED to request the operating system to pre-fetch disk data blocks into the cache, helping to avoid disk I/O bottlenecks.

  smgrprefetch(SMgrRelation reln, ForkNumber forknum, BlockNumber blocknum)

smgrwrite and smgrextend are crucial functions for writing to disk and key to system I/O performance. They are called in the following scenarios:

• smgrwrite:
  • When a Buffer is modified, smgrwrite is called to write the data to the corresponding file on disk.
  • When a transaction commits, it is necessary to ensure that all dirty data is written back to disk, requiring smgrwrite.
  • During the VACUUM operation, when the visibility information of a table is updated, the corresponding buffer may become dirty, requiring smgrwrite to write it to disk.
• smgrextend:
  • When a file (table or index) needs to be extended, smgrextend is called to expand the file to the required size.
  • When creating a new table or index, its initial size is determined, and smgrextend is called.
  • When performing the CLUSTER operation, which reorganizes a table, smgrextend may also be called.

smgrwrite and smgrextend ensure data persistence, with smgrwrite being used to write modified data to disk, while smgrextend is used to expand the file size.

IvorySQL is an open source project. One of the core goals of this project is to deliver oracle compatibility, So that one can use the oracle code on IvorySQL database server.

Providing Oracle compatibility on top of PostgreSQL is a multi-dimensional task. Ranging from providing the Oracle compatible SQL syntax to adding support for data types that are either missing or behaves differently in PostgreSQL. One of the main core of Oracle compatibility is to provide the compatible PL (procedural language) in PostgreSQL that is functionally and syntactical compatible with Oracle's PL/SQL. For that purpose IvorySQL has added a new PL language PL/iSQL that that accepts, understands and executes the PL/SQL syntax. And as you know one of the core feature of Oracle's PL/SQL is the PACKAGES. Package is a schema object in Oracle that contains definitions for a group of related functionalities and is one of the most widely used feature of Oracle.

So In this blog I will give a introduction of Packages followed by an example on how you can create, use, and destroy Oracle style packages with IvorySQL.

Packages​

So what are packages? The Packages are grouping of PL/iSQL code, divided in logical program units. In other words a package can be considered a collection of related functions, procedures, variables or cursors. This collection is collectively be accessed via the common name.

IvorySQL has PL/iSQL language that accepts, understands and executes the PL/SQL code. The packages use this same language. The packages have two main components.

• Package Specification The package specification lists all the items that can be accessed from outside the package. such as functions, procedures, variables and cursors. This is also know as public specification.

• Package Body The Package Body contains the implementation of all functions and procedures that are listed in the package specification. In addition these, it can also implement more function and procedure or other elements.

These elements that are not in the package specification, will be treated private members of the package and these can only be referenced from within the package. The outside access is not permitted.

The package body can also have a special code block called initializer block. This is a special because this block is executed only once per session, at the very beginning when the package is first accessed.

Let's see some example of the code and see how a package operates.

Example​

Generic Example​

First let's set the compatibility mode, so we can access oracle compatible features available in the ivorysql database.

SET compatible_mode TO oracle;

CREATE TABLE books (
    id     INT, 
    title  VARCHAR2(100), 
    author VARCHAR2(100),
    price  NUMBER);

INSERT INTO books VALUES (10, 'The Hobbit', 'J. R. R. Tolkien', 10.0);
INSERT INTO books VALUES (11, 'Winnie-the-Pooh', 'A. A. Milne', 5.0);
INSERT INTO books VALUES (12, 'Peter Pan', 'James Matthew Barrie', 4.0);
INSERT INTO books VALUES (13, 'Charlie and the Chocolate Factory', 'Roald Dahl', 5.0);
INSERT INTO books VALUES (14, 'SThe Jungle Book', 'Rudyard Kipling', 9.0);
INSERT INTO books VALUES (15, 'The Little White Bird', 'James Matthew Barrie', 3.0);

Let's create a simple package. This package declares a cursor to list all available books. Have some subprograms to list, add and remove books. It also declares a some private variables to keep count and book information.

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE mybooks AS
    CURSOR      booksinfo IS SELECT * from BOOKS;

    PROCEDURE list_books;
    FUNCTION add_book(title VARCHAR2(100), author VARCHAR2(100), 
         price NUMBER) RETURN bool;
    PROCEDURE remove_book(book_title VARCHAR2(100));
END;
ivorysql$# /
CREATE PACKAGE

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY mybooks AS

    -- declare private variables
    bookinfo    booksinfo%rowtype; 
    books_count INT;

    PROCEDURE list_books AS
    BEGIN
        OPEN booksinfo;
        RAISE INFO 'Book Info:';
        RAISE INFO '';
        LOOP
            FETCH booksinfo into bookinfo;
            EXIT WHEN NOT FOUND;

            RAISE INFO '  Name    = %', bookinfo.title;
            RAISE INFO '  Author  = %', bookinfo.author;
            RAISE INFO '  Price   = %', bookinfo.price;
            RAISE INFO '------------------------------';
        END LOOP;
        RAISE INFO 'Total Books   = %', books_count;
        CLOSE booksinfo;
    END;

    FUNCTION add_book(title VARCHAR2(100), author VARCHAR2(100),
        price NUMBER) RETURN bool AS
    BEGIN
        INSERT INTO BOOKS VALUES (
            books_count + 1,
            title,
            author,
            price);
        
        books_count := books_count + 1;
        RETURN true;

        EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN
            RETURN false;
    END;

    PROCEDURE remove_book(book_title VARCHAR2(100)) AS
    BEGIN
        DELETE FROM BOOKS WHERE title = book_title;

        EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN
            RAISE INFO 'Book % not found', book_title;
    END;

-- initializer block
BEGIN           
    books_count := 0;
    SELECT count(*) INTO books_count
        FROM BOOKS;
END;
ivorysql$# /
CREATE PACKAGE BODY

Let checkout the count. This anonymous block tries to access the private members of the package, which should result in error.

ivorysql=# DECLARE
ivorysql$#   nbooks int := 0;
ivorysql$# BEGIN
ivorysql$#     nbooks := mybooks.books_count;
ivorysql$#     RAISE INFO 'Total Books   = %', nbooks;
ivorysql$# END;
ivorysql$# /
2022-05-26 16:35:32.328 PKT [63554] ERROR:  package private variable ("mybooks.books_count") is not accessible

Let's list all available books using the subprogram list_books of the package mybooks.

ivorysql=# BEGIN
ivorysql$#     mybooks.list_books;
ivorysql$# END;
ivorysql$# /
INFO:  Book Info:
INFO:  
INFO:    Name    = The Hobbit
INFO:    Author  = J. R. R. Tolkien
INFO:    Price   = 10
INFO:  ------------------------------
INFO:    Name    = Winnie-the-Pooh
INFO:    Author  = A. A. Milne
INFO:    Price   = 3
....
....
INFO:  Total Books   = 6
DO
ivorysql=#

Let's add a new book using the subprogram add_book of the package mybooks.

DECLARE
  added bool;
BEGIN
    added := mybooks.add_book('The Cat in the Hat', 'Dr. Seuss', 10);
    IF added = TRUE THEN
        RAISE INFO 'new book added';
    END IF;
END;
/

Dropping a Package​

One can either drop the package body or complete package using:

• DROP PACKAGE BODY [package name]

ivorysql=# DROP PACKAGE BODY mybooks;
DROP PACKAGE BODY

• DROP PACKAGE [package name

ivorysql=# DROP PACKAGE mybooks;
DROP PACKAGE

Package Invocation with different rights​

We are going to create two packages with invoker and definer rights and watch the results to see how they differentiate.

ivorysql=> SELECT current_user;
 current_user 
--------------
 ivorysql
(1 row)

-- Create a Package with INVOKER rights

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE pkg_invrights AUTHID CURRENT_USER AS
    PROCEDURE curr_user;
END;
/

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY pkg_invrights AS
    PROCEDURE curr_user AS
    BEGIN
        RAISE INFO 'Current User: %', current_user;
    END;
END;
/

-- Create a Package with DEFINER rights

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE pkg_defrights AUTHID DEFINER AS
    PROCEDURE curr_user;
END;
/

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY pkg_defrights AS
    PROCEDURE curr_user AS
    BEGIN
        RAISE INFO 'Current User: %', current_user;
    END;
END;
/

Let's see the package with invoker rights first.

ivorysql=> CALL pkg_invrights.curr_user;
INFO:  Current User: ivorysql
CALL

Let's see the package with definer rights.

ivorysql=> CALL pkg_defrights.curr_user;
INFO:  Current User: ivorysql
CALL

Let's switch to another user named ivuser

ivorysql=> \c ivorysql ivuser;
You are now connected to database "ivorysql" as user "ivuser".

Let's see the package with invoker rights first.

ivorysql=> CALL pkg_invrights.curr_user;
INFO:  Current User: ivuser
CALL

Let's see the package with definer rights.

ivorysql=> CALL pkg_defrights.curr_user;
INFO:  Current User: ivorysql
CALL

As shown above when the package with invoker rights (pkg_invrights) is called, it's using the privileges of the user that invoked the package. However, when a definer package (pkg_defrights) is called, it still uses the privileges of the package owner.

IvorySQL can be built on Linux, OSX, Unix, and Windows platforms, and is basically the same as PostgreSQL compiled and installed. This article describes the steps for compiling source code on a Linux-based system.

Preparation​

1.1 Obtaining the IvorySQL source code​

For Windows or Linux, if you have Git installed, you can use git to download:

git clone https://github.com/IvorySQL/IvorySQL.git

git clone https://gitee.com/IvorySQL/IvorySQL.git

Or go directly to Github or Gitee to download:

https://github.com/IvorySQL/IvorySQL

https://gitee.com/IvorySQL/IvorySQL

Github can be a bit slow, use it if it works, and switch to Gitee if it doesn't.

As of this writing, the latest release of IvorySQL is 1.2, released on February 28, 2022.

The source version used in this article is also IvorySQL 1.2.

1.2 Installing the dependency packages​

To compile IvorySQL from source, you must ensure that a prerequisite packages are available on your system.

Run the following command to install related packages:

sudo yum install -y bison-devel readline-devel zlib-devel openssl-devel wget
sudo yum groupinstall -y 'Development Tools'

Note: "Development Tools" includes GCC, make, Flex, bison.

Compilation and installation​

The source code obtained in front of the folder IvorySQL, next we will enter this folder for operation.

2.1 configuration​

Run the following command as the Root user:

./configure

Note: Since --prefix is not provided, /usr/local/pgSQL will be used as default installation path.

To use a different installation path, such as "/ usr/local/ivorysql/ivorysql - 1.2" :

./configure --prefix=/usr/local/ivorysql/ivorysql-1.2

For more configure parameters, try ./configure --help. Also check out the PostgreSQL manual.

2.2 Compilation and Installation​

After the configuration is complete, run make to compile:

make

To test the newly compiled service using regression tests before installing it, use either of the following commands:

make check
make check-world

Then install:

make install

Initialize the database service​

We only have a simple configuration here, can be local and remote connection is ok.

3.1 Creating an OS User​

In the root session, create user ivorysql:

/usr/sbin/groupadd ivorysql
/usr/sbin/useradd -g ivorysql ivorysql -c "IvorySQL1.2 Server"
passwd ivorysql

3.2 Creating a Data Directory​

Next you need to create the data directory and change the permissions. Run the following command in the root session.

mkdir -p /ivorysql/1.2/data
chown -R ivorysql.ivorysql /ivorysql/1.2/

**Note: The data directory is not placed in "/var/lib/ivorysql/ivorysql-1/data" when you do installation using the RPMs.

3.3 Environment Variables​

Switch to ivorysql user, modify the /home/ivorysqL/. bash_profile file, and configure environment variables:

umask 022
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/pgsql/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
export PATH=/usr/local/pgsql/bin:$PATH
export PGDATA=/ivorysql/1.2/data

Make environment variables take effect in the current IVorysQL user session:

source .bash_profile

You can also log in again or start a session with a new user ivorysQL.

3.4 Configuring the Firewall​

If the firewall is enabled, port 5333 needs to be opened:

firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=5333/tcp --permanent
firewall-cmd --reload

Note: The default port is 5333. If this port is disabled, external clients will not be able to connect to the IP address.

3.5 the initialization​

In user ivorysql, simply execute initdb to complete the initialization:

initdb

Note: InitDB operates in the same way as PostgreSQL, and can be initialized in the same way as PG.

3.6 Starting the Database​

Use pg_ctl to start the database service:

pg_ctl start

Check the status, the startup is successful:

pg_ctl status

pg_ctl: server is running (PID: 29549)

/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postgres

Configure services​

Here is a simple configuration, can be local and remote connection is ok

4.1 Client Authentication​

Add the following information to /ivorysql/1.2/data/pg_hba.conf:

host    all             all             0.0.0.0/0               trust

Note: this is trust, which means you can log in without secret.

Run the following command to load the configuration:

pg_ctl reload

4.2 Basic Parameters​

Connect to database through PSQL:

psql

Modify listening address:

alter system set listen_addresses = '*';

Note: By default the server does not allow connections from external hosts.

Restart the service for the Settings to take effect:

pg_ctl restart

4.3 Daemon Service​

Create service file:

touch /usr/lib/systemd/system/ivorysql.service

The edited content is as follows:

[Unit]
Description=IvorySQL 1.2 database server
Documentation=https://www.ivorysql.org
Requires=network.target local-fs.target
After=network.target local-fs.target

[Service]
Type=forking

User=ivorysql
Group=ivorysql

Environment=PGDATA=/ivorysql/1.2/data/

OOMScoreAdjust=-1000

ExecStart=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl start -D ${PGDATA}
ExecStop=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl stop -D ${PGDATA}
ExecReload=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl reload -D ${PGDATA}

TimeoutSec=0

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

Note: There are many ways to write service. Be careful when using it in the production environment. Repeat the test several times.

Stop the database service started by pg_ctl, enable the systemd service, and start:

systemctl enable --now ivorysql.service

IvorSQL Database service operation commands:

systemctl start ivorysql.service            --启动数据库服务
systemctl stop ivorysql.service             --停止数据库服务
systemctl restart ivorysql.service          --重启数据库
systemctl status ivorysql.service           --查看数据库状态
systemctl reload ivorysql.service           --可以满足部分数据库配置修改完后生效

Database Client​

The IvorySQL client is the same as the PostgreSQL client.

5.1 PSQL connection​

Connecting from ivorysql OS user:

[ivorysql@Node02 ~]$ psql
psql (15devel)
Type "help" for help.

ivorysql=#

5.2 DBeaver connection​

DBeaver is a powerful open source tool with the following connectivity configurations:

5.3 Connect using HighGo Developer​

HighGo Developer is a tool independently developed by Highgo, which supports not only Highgo database, but also PostgreSQL and IvorySQL database. The connection configuration is as follows:

Uninstall​

If required IvorySQL can be uninstalled by compiling and uninstalling.

6.1 Backing Up Data​

The data directory is under "/ ivorysQL /1.2/data", so we can protect the directory, It is recomended to stop the database service and make a backup.

6.2 Compilation and Uninstallation​

Switch to the source directory and run the following commands:

make uninstall
make clean

Delete residual directories and files:

systemctl disable ivorysql.servicemake                  --Disable the service
mv /usr/lib/systemd/system/ivorysql.service /tmp/       --delete or move the service file to /tmp
rm -fr /usr/local/pgsql                                 --Remove the installed files

The ivorysql user and the corresponding environment variables can be cleared according to the situation.

The rest is the data directory "/ ivorysQL /1.2/data", please be sure to take a backup before processing.

There are installed dependency packages, you can decide whether to uninstall according to the situation.

Postscript​

• For more detailed operations, see PostgreSQL.

• You can also refer to the IvorySQL source code under the documentation: /root/ivorysql/readme.md.

• You can also open a link to the website:

  https://gitee.com/IvorySQL/IvorySQL/blob/master/README.md。

• If you have any question, welcome to the official community IvorySQL warehouse: github.com/IvorySQL/IvorySQL submit issue.

Join the IvorySQL community by subscribing to mailing lists:

• Hackers List
• Users List

Also, don't forget to give us a ⭐ on Github

Install software through the YUM source​

This section uses Centos7.9 as an example to show how to install the IvorySQL database. Here is the simplest YUM source installation.

1.1 Installing the YUM Source​

Download address: https://yum.highgo.ca/ivorysql.html

Click "DOWNLOAD REPO RPM" to DOWNLOAD ivorysqL-release-1.0-1.noarch. RPM and upload it to Centos7.9:

Or use wget on Centos7 to download:

wget https://yum.highgo.ca/dists/ivorysql-rpms/repo/ivorysql-release-1.0-1.noarch.rpm

Install ivorysql - release - 1.0-1. Noarch. RPM:

rpm -ivh ivorysql-release-1.0-1.noarch.rpm

After installation, will create the YUM source configuration file: / etc/yum.repos. d/ivorysql.repo.

Search to view related installation packages:

yum search ivorysql

The search results are described in Table 1:

Table 1 Description of YUM sources

Note: 1, 2, 5, 10 are required for RPM package installation, hyperlinks can be downloaded separately.

1.2 installation IVORYSQL​

To install the database service, install ivorysQL1-Server.

Run the following command in the user root session:

yum install -y ivorysql1-server

Installation List:

ivorysql1-server.x86_64 0:1.2-1.rhel7

Dependent installation:

• ivorysql1.x86_64 0:1.2-1.rhel7 ivorysql1-contrib.x86_64 0:1.2-1.rhel7

• ivorysql1-libs.x86_64 0:1.2-1.rhel7 libicu.x86_64 0:50.2-4.el7_7

• libtirpc.x86_64 0:0.2.4-0.16.el7 libxslt.x86_64 0:1.1.28-6.el7

• python3.x86_64 0:3.6.8-18.el7 python3-libs.x86_64 0:3.6.8-18.el7

• python3-pip.noarch 0:9.0.3-8.el7 python3-setuptools.noarch 0:39.2.0-10.el7

1.3 Installed Directory​

Table 2 describes the file directories generated during the YUM installation process.

Table 2 Installation directory file description

1.4 RPM installation​

RPM installations, by the way, need to be installed in this order:

yum install -y libicu libxslt python3                   --先安装依赖
rpm -ivh ivorysql1-libs-1.2-1.rhel7.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh ivorysql1-1.2-1.rhel7.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh ivorysql1-contrib-1.2-1.rhel7.x86_64.rpm --nodeps
rpm -ivh ivorysql1-server-1.2-1.rhel7.x86_64.rpm

So, it's quite convenient to install using YUM. If not, download it separately and install it in this order.

Download address: https://yum.highgo.ca/ivorysql.html

Click BROWSE Repository-1 to find the corresponding package to download (note: dependency packages are not available on the website).

Initialize the database​

The IvorySQL database is easy to initialize and start or stop by default.

2.1 Default Initialization​

To initialize the system, run the following command as user root:

/usr/local/ivorysql/ivorysql-1/bin/ivorysql-1-setup initdb

Note: IvorysQL-1 is read by default because SERVICE_NAME is not provided.

Enable and start the service:

systemctl enable --now ivorysql-1.service

IvorysqL-1-setup

ivorysql-1-setup {initdb|check_upgrade|upgrade} [SERVICE_NAME]

Note: For details about how to use this command, run ivorysqL-1-setup --help.

2.2 Custom Initialization​

If we have a requirement to specify the data file path (/ ivorysQL /1.2/data/) and port number (5866), then we can customize the initialization.

According to the default service file "/ usr/lib/systemd/system/ivorysql - 1. The service" in the same directory replication of a new "ivorysql - 5866. The service" :

cp /usr/lib/systemd/system/ivorysql-1.service /usr/lib/systemd/system/ivorysql-5866.service

Modify Add the following information:

Environment=PGDATA=/ivorysql/1.2/data/
Environment=PGPORT=5866

Specify SERVICE_NAME as ivorysQL-5866 to initialize:

/usr/local/ivorysql/ivorysql-1/bin/ivorysql-1-setup initdb ivorysql-5866

Enable and start the service:

systemctl enable --now ivorysql-5866.service

2.3 Common Service Operations​

IvorSQL Database service operation commands:

systemctl start ivorysql-1.service              --启动数据库服务
systemctl stop ivorysql-1.service               --停止数据库服务
systemctl restart ivorysql-1.service            --重启数据库
systemctl status ivorysql-1.service         --查看数据库状态
systemctl reload ivorysql-1.service         --可以满足部分数据库配置修改完后生效

Configure database services​

We only have a simple configuration here, can be local and remote connection is ok

3.1 Client Authentication​

Modify the/var/lib/ivorysql/ivorysql - 1 / data/pg_hba. Conf, add the following content:

host    all             all             0.0.0.0/0               scram-sha-256

Run the following command to load the configuration:

systemctl reload ivorysql-1.service

3.2 Basic Parameters​

Switch to user ivorysQL:

su - ivorysql

Connect to database through PSQL:

psql

Change ivorysQL password for remote connection:

alter system set listen_addresses = '*';
alter user ivorysql password '666666';

Note: User ivorysQL does not have a password. If you do not change the password, you can change the client authentication mode to Trust to avoid secret login.

Return to user root and restart the service for the Settings to take effect:

systemctl restart ivorysql-1.service

The firewall​

If the firewall is enabled, port 5333 needs to be opened:

firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=5333/tcp --permanent
firewall-cmd --reload

Note: The default ivorysQL service port is 5333. If this port is disabled, external clients fail to connect to the IVorysQL service through an IP address.

The client connects to the database​

The IvorySQL client is the same as the PostgreSQL client.

4.1 PSQL connection​

Operating system user IvorysQL session connection:

[root@Node02 ~]# su - ivorysql 
Last login: Wed Apr 27 23:58:57 CST 2022 on pts/0
-bash-4.2$ psql
psql (14.2)
Type "help" for help.

ivorysql=#

4.2 DBeaver connection​

DBeaver is a powerful open source tool with the following connectivity configurations:

4.3 Highgo Developer connection​

Highgo Developer is a tool independently developed by Highgo, which supports not only Highgo database, but also PostgreSQL and IvorySQL database. The connection configuration is as follows:

Uninstall​

Since we installed through yum, it is recommended to use yum to uninstall. Try not to use RPM, which may cause incomplete uninstall. Of course, you can also uninstall it according to the Yum installation list.

5.1 Backing Up Data​

Data directory in/var/lib/ivorysql under/data/ivorysql - 1, so we can this directory will be protected, and best to stop the service, do a backup.

5.2 YUM uninstall​

Stop the database service first:

systemctl stop ivorysql-1.service

Use the "yum history list" to determine the transaction ID of the yum installation:

[root@Node02 ~]# yum history list
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
ID     | Login user               | Date and time    | Action(s)      | Altered
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     5 | root <root>              | 2022-04-27 12:38 | Install        |   11  <
     4 | root <root>              | 2022-03-26 16:08 | Install        |   35 > 
     3 | root <root>              | 2022-03-26 16:07 | I, U           |   19   
     2 | root <root>              | 2022-03-26 16:07 | I, U           |   73   
     1 | System <unset>           | 2022-03-26 15:59 | Install        |  299   
history list

You can see that ID 5 is the transaction that performs the installation. Run the following command to uninstall (replace XX with 5) :

yum history undo XX

You can also use the following command to uninstall:

yum remove ivorysql-server

However, the command is not completely uninstalled, only removing two dependencies and failing to remove eight dependencies. You can decide whether to uninstall this way depending on whether to keep these dependencies.

Postscript​

• For more detailed operations, see postgresQL operations. For example, direct initialization with initDB.

• You can also refer to the IvorySQL documentation:

/usr/share/doc/ivorysqL1-1.2/readme.rpm -dist

• If you have any question, welcome to the official community IvorySQL warehouse: github.com/IvorySQL/IvorySQL submit issue.

Join the IvorySQL community by subscribing to mailing lists:

• Hackers List
• Users List

Also, don't forget to give us a ⭐ on Github

The Postgres Conference in Silicon Valley is the largest PG conference on the West Coast and one of the most important Postgres conferences of the year in the US and globally. It will be held on April 7-8, 2022 (PDT) at the Hilton Hotel SAN Jose, California, USA. As an annual technology event for PostgreSQL technologists, practitioners, and enthusiasts around the world, the Silicon Valley Conference is dedicated to bringing together and discussing the relationship between people, Postgres, and data! The conference is as inclusive and fair as silicon Valley, bringing together the best speakers, audiences and sponsors, all working to create growth opportunities for the global Postgres ecosystem.

About 200 people attended the meeting, the largest offline meeting since the outbreak.

Bruce Momjian, a key member of the community, attended the conference, which was organized by PostgresConf,Joshua D.Drake, Jim Mlodgenski, and others. People from the United States,China, Canada, Brazil, Spain, Germany, India, Pakistan and other countries participated.

Grant Zhou, head of Highgo North America Research Institute and Secretary general of PostgreSQL China International Advisory Committee, was invited to participate in PostgreSQL internal development discussions and community project contributions.

The following is a two-day Postgres conference briefing in Silicon Valley brought to you by the IvorySQL open source database community.

Some of the speech​

Digital Rights and Privacy: Concerns for the 21st century--by Andres Arrieta

The Electronic Frontier Foundation has been protecting and fighting for our civil liberties for over 30 years. In those 30 years a lot has happened: Our relationship to the internet has fundamentally changed, and yet, in many ways, our understanding of how it works has remained stagnant. 30 years ago, the Internet was a mystical place of wizardry with many unknowns, and a realm which was difficult to access. Today it’s a core part of our life that we have become reliant on, and while it has become far easier than ever to access the many gifts that the Internet provides, understanding of how it works - from policy makers to enforcement agencies - continues to lag. During that time, EFF and its mission have grown to cover many of the aspects that technology has brought for better or worse and to help protect those impacted by it, while ensuring a bright future with innovation that improves our lives. So what is happening today and where are our efforts going? Why have some issues like privacy and competition become so strongly intertwined, and what new opportunities and threats lay ahead? I’ll walk you through some of our work, some of the areas of concern, and some of the things I believe will help us work towards a better future.

Past, Present, and Future of Logical Replication--by Amit Kapila In this talk, I will tell how the Logical Replication has been evolved over years in PostgreSQL. This will explain some of the major recent enhancements like facilitating logical replication of two-phase and large in-progress transactions. I will share my views on how this technology can be leveraged to build a highly scalable and available database solution for large Enterprises. After that, I will also talk about some of the important enhancements being discussed in this technology area for future releases of PostgreSQL. I'll also cover how this technology can be enhanced for data migration from PostgreSQL to other databases.

IvorySQL--An Open Source Oracle-compatible Database Based on PostgreSQL--by GRANT ZHOU There are many users who need to migrate their applications from Oracle to the open source Postgres, but in order to support the new database, users often need to re-develop the application, which is inconvenient. If there is a database based on Postgres and compatible with most Oracle syntax and functions, it will be too convenient for customers. However, the official Postgres project will not accept this kind of code submission. After all, Postgres is Postgres, and Oracle is Oracle. So, let's make an Oracle compatible database. This talk will introduce how to make a database compatible with Oracle syntax based on PG, and introduce the IvorySQL project. This project is an open source project (Apache 2.0) led by Highgo Software, and currently has released version 1.2 based on PostgreSQL 14.2. Welcome everyone to contribute on this open source Oracle compatible database - IvorySQL, powered by PostgreSQL.

Non-Relational Postgres--by Bruce Momjian Postgres has always had strong support for relational storage. However, there are many cases where relational storage is either inefficient or overly restrictive. This talk shows the many ways that Postgres has expanded to support non-relational storage, specifically the ability to store and index multiple values, even unrelated ones, in a single database field. Such storage allows for greater efficiency and access simplicity, and can also avoid the negatives of entity-attribute-value (eav) storage. The talk will cover many examples of multiple-value-per-field storage, including arrays, range types, geometry, full text search, xml, json, and records.

Using Global database in Amazon Aurora PostgreSQL--by Shayon Sanyal and Sukhpreet Bedi An Amazon Aurora Global database is designed for globally distributed applications, allowing a single Amazon Aurora database to span multiple AWS Regions. It replicates your data with no impact on database performance, enables fast local reads with low latency in each Region, and provides disaster recovery (DR) from Region-wide outages. In this session, learn how to plan for cross-Region DR and easily scale Aurora reads across the world to place your applications close to your users. You also learn how to meet your recovery point objective (RPO) and recovery time objective (RTO) with Amazon Aurora global databases.

Amazon Babelfish for Aurora--by chandra pathivada Now the Babelfish for Aurora is available. This presentation is about how Babelfish helps customers to migrate SQL Server workloads to Postgres. In this presentation, we are going to give a demo of what is Babelfish , the internals of Aurora ,Aurora for SQL Server DBAs using Babelfish, and Labs on Application Migration.

The Biography of a Modern Cloud Native Application--by Alexandra Elchinoff and Karthik Ranganathan Modern cloud native applications lead exciting lives - from their birth in the cloud and dealing with massive unplanned success to surviving cloud outages and handling customers worldwide. In this talk, Yugabyte CTO Karthik Ranganathan walks through the eventful life of a successful cloud native app, as seen from the perspective of the data layer.

Some of the pictures​

Postgres Conference in Silicon Valley 2022​

https://postgresconf.org/conferences/SV2022

Join the IvorySQL community by subscribing to mailing lists:

• Hackers List
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Also, don't forget to give us a ⭐ on Github

Hi guys, PostgresWorld Webinars is back!

PostgreSQL plays an important role in the development of databases in China. Many database products around the world choose PostgreSQL as their technology development path. However, the problem of migrating applications from Oracle to Open source Postgres became the biggest obstacle, so we created the IvorySQL open source project, which is based on the latest PostgreSQL 14 database with strong Oracle compatibility. But why do we have to do IvorySQL open source project? How is it technically different from Postgres and Oracle? This webinar invites you to join us.

This webinar is hosted by Grant Zhou on IvorySQL - An Open Source Oracle-compatible Database Based on PostgreSQL.

Guest introduction​

Grant Zhou currently lived in Canada, he is the founder of Highgo Software North America, and he is leading the company PostgreSQL development team with members from Canada, China and Pakistan. He is working as the secretary of the International Consultant Committee of the PostgreSQL China Association at the same time, and also proud to be the Organizer & Asia Liaison at PostgresConf. He worked in Alcatel-Lucent (Nokia) company for more than ten years and had rich experiences on high availability, real-time telecommunication systems, database technologies and Unix/Linux programming.

In December 2021, the team announced the first available version of IvorySQL database, which is the only open source database with Oracle compatibility features based on PostgreSQL. On Feburay 28, 2022, based on PostgreSQL 14.2, IvorySQL 1.2 was released.

Conference Highlights​

There are many users who need to migrate their applications from Oracle to the open source Postgres, but in order to support the new database, users often need to re-develop the application, which is inconvenient. If there is a database based on Postgres and compatible with most Oracle syntax and functions, it will be too convenient for customers. However, the official Postgres project will not accept this kind of code submission. After all, Postgres is Postgres, and Oracle is Oracle. So, let's make an Oracle compatible database. This talk will introduce how to make a database compatible with Oracle syntax based on PG, and introduce the IvorySQL project. This project is an open source project (Apache 2.0) led by Highgo Software and currently has released version 1.2 based on PostgreSQL 14.2. Welcome everyone to contribute to this open source Oracle compatible database - IvorySQL, powered by PostgreSQL.

Time and Link​

• Time: Stay tuned for the IvorySQL Project Webinar on March 31, 2022 at 1:00pm PDT.
• Participating website：https://postgresconf.org/accounts/sign_up
• Watch the link：https://postgresconf.org/conferences/PostgresWorld-Webinars-2022/program/proposals/ivorysql-an-open-source-oracle-compatible-database-based-on-postgresql

Join the IvorySQL community by subscribing to mailing lists:

• Hackers List
• Users List

Also, don't forget to give us a ⭐ on Github

Just when the world was packing the bags for the holiday season and getting ready to welcome the New year we were hard at work and were giving the final touches to the project that our team was working on since the start of 2021. And it was the 15th of December just before the day end we got all green lights and silently released the very first version of IvorySQL before cleaning up the desk for that day.

IvorySQL at Glance​

IvorySQL is Apache 2.0 licensed Open Source Oracle compatible PostgreSQL. The very first release of IvorySQL is derived from PostgreSQL 14 with a firm commitment to always remain 100% compatible and a Drop-in replacement of the latest PostgreSQL.

IvorySQL adds a compatible_db GUC on top of existing standard PostgreSQL configuration parameters. The compatible_db is a toggle switch to switch between Oracle and PostgreSQL compatibility modes. The second major highlight of IvorySQL is PL/iSQL procedural language that supports oracle’s PL/SQL syntax. These two additions sit at the core of Oracle compatibility of IvorySQL without breaking the standard PostgreSQL compatibility. The compatible_db switches the behavior of functions and objects that exist in both Oracle and PostgreSQL and acts differently, while PL/iSQL builds the foundation for running the oracle code on IvorySQL with minimal changes.

IvorySQL comes with numerous Oracle compatibility features including Oracle style PACKAGES, DATA Types, and Conversion Functions. For details of Oracle compatibility features in IvorySQL refer to IvorySQL documentation

We are committed to following the principles of open source way​

IvorySQL is committed to abiding by the principles of open-source ways and we strongly believe in building a healthy and inclusive community. We maintain that good ideas can come from anywhere, and the best ideas should win. Only by including diverse perspectives, we can reach to the best decision. While the first version of IvorySQL is mainly focused on Oracle Compatibility features, going forward the future road map and feature set will be determined by the community in an open-source way.

Contributing to the IvorySQL​

There are plenty of ways to contribute to IvorySQL. You can contribute by providing the documentation updates, by providing the translations for the documentation. If you have design skills you can contribute to the IvorySQL website project.
Testing the IvorySQL and reporting issues, by issuing pull requests for bug fixes or new features or answering the questions on mailing lists are some ways to contribute to the IvorySQL project and all types of contributions are welcomed and appreciated by the IvorySQL community.

Getting Started​

All IvorySQL related projects including database server, website, and documentation are hosted and managed through Github. You can download the source code or released packages and track the current issues, pull requests, and discussions through the IvorySQL Github page.

Visit http://www.ivorysql.org and read the project documentation and contribution guidelines.

Join the IvorySQL community by subscribing to mailing lists:

• Hackers List
• Users List

Also, don't forget to give us a ⭐ on Github